BOSCH , Johannes van denJohannes van den Bosch
initiator
of the Benevolent Society , was born in Herwijnen on February 2, 1780
and deceased on his estate Boschlust near The Hague on January 28, 1844 .
He was the son of Johannes van den Bosch , surgeon and brick factory owner , and Adriana Poningh . On September 2, 1804 he married Catharina Lucretia the Sandol Roy , with whom he had four daughters and three sons . After
her death on February 10, 1814 he married on October 28, 1823 with the
Sturler Rudolphina Wilhelmina Elizabeth , with whom he had two sons . King
William I lifted Van den Bosch and his children in 1835 to the peerage
with the hereditary title of baron , and in 1839 with the title of count
.
Van
den Bosch started his career in 1797 in the army of the Batavian
Republic as lieutenant of genius and was broadcast in 1798 at his own
request to Batavia . The Dutch colonial rule in the Indonesian archipelago was limited . The emphasis had until then located on enforcement of trade interest . As
adjutant stayed Van den Bosch in the vicinity of the successive
governors-general and he was closely involved in the beginning of the
transition from colonialism to trade territorial colonial expansion . His
knowledge of this he published in the Atlas of the foreign possessions
of His Majesty the King of the Netherlands offered to highest den
himself (The Hague 1817 ) , which belonged to his great , two-part
survey work Dutch possessions in Asia , America and Africa , into their
state and
concern for this realm , considered enclosing the needful tables , and
eenen new atlas maps (The Hague 1818 ) . philosophical , political
economy competent and geographically In
his spare time, Van den Bosch devoted himself also to effective
drainage and land reclamation in the region around Batavia with the use
of slaves and free peasants . In 1808 he came into conflict with the new Governor General HW Daendels . He
was honorably discharged from the service with the rank of colonel ,
devoted himself to his estates , but in 1810 Daendels sent him and his
family back to Europe . Along the English took him prisoner . In 1813 , even before the liberation of the French, he was already back in the Netherlands . Between
1813 and 1815 he is there merit in the establishment of the authority
of King William I , with whom he would collaborate in building
Netherlands as modern European and colonial nation . The next quarter
century decisively He further rose in military rank and brought it to Major General. But
he was laid off at his own request , in order to carry out his plans.
Established in 1818 with the Benevolent Society in 1819 The establishment of the Company was made by a select group under the auspices of Prince Frederick , the son of the king. Van
den Bosch brought its intentions into words in the brochure Treatise on
the opportunity , the best way of introduction and the main advantages
eener general armeninrigting in the kingdom of the Netherlands , by
establishing eener agricultural income colony into his northern area
(Amsterdam 1818 ) . He
pointed to the danger that the (religious ) dispensation a growing
group of poor distracting labor, while labor was the only means to fight
poverty. Country
Labor was therefore particularly suitable and exploitation of the '
savage ' lands in Drenthe would be beaten two birds with one stone. The arms disciplined learned to care for themselves and the Dutch agricultural area increased in size . Was this colonial ideal, echoing the education pedagogue JH Pestalozzi
, an education strategy for orphaned or connected gederailleerde youth ,
focusing on contact with ' the field ' and with air. Physical exercise was a condition for a balanced spiritual ontwikkeing . The
Benevolent Society founded in Drenthe 'free ' colonies Frederiksoord ,
Willemsoord and Wilhelminaoord and asylums Ommerschans and Veenhuizen . Many cities were involved in the incorporation of 'their' arms. Despite
all ideals , little has come of Van den Bosch ' principle of upliftment
of the poor by them to educate industrious farmers . Those
who were assigned a farm , started a huge debt to the Company , they
were supposed to gradually resolve , until they would be . Free peasant
with their own agricultural yields It worked but few to escape . From the spiral of debt , patronizing , forced trade , degradation and punishment Van
den Bosch had his military contacts and close relationship with the
king used by fundraising among individuals to realize the establishment
of the Colonies. Support The
Company issued a magazine, The Star, and suggested in numerous cities
in committees with members , honorary members and corresponding members ,
who raise money spent to support the colonies . Also from the East and the West volunteered Contributors . The
upscale considered support to the initiative as a concrete contribution
to the building of the Netherlands, which for the first time formed a
single state after the French occupation . But there was also criticism from the outset . Isaac
da Costa fulminated in his Objections to the spirit of the century (
1823 ) against private ' beneficence ' unchurched frameworks " for fifty
or sixty pence at year can anyone who wants a benevolent and
enlightened philanthropist be called , and no one so one hesitates to close . fraaien sale Also more enlightened corner came objections . Van
den Bosch had no illusions about the propensity of people to work hard
and based daily regime in the colonies and asylums on discipline and
discipline : " I think I may assume that the basis of all labor, over
and above that whatever the immediate fulfillment of animal needs progresses, the result of coercion , "he said in 1829 . That
coercion was the utopian socialist Robert Owen , interested in the
experiment of agricultural colonies in order to own Quaker settlements
in America , too far . " The General seems to have unlimited power over very ," he wrote in a study in 1824 on Van den Bosch . However,
he praised his commitment to the ideal of upliftment of the poor and
shared his premise that improving the physical condition of the poor was
a condition of mental and moral improvement. Van den Bosch has been able to devote . Only in the early years with heart and soul to this project He settled in Frederiksoord and worked hard to achieve the colonies without the overseas colonies lose . Sight In
1825 he became an associate member of the Committee on the Affairs of
the Protestant Church In the Dutch East and West Indies .
In
1827 the king Van den Bosch pulled away at the Benevolent Society , so
as Commissioner - General to recover. Administrative control from the
Netherlands about Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles In December 1827 , Van den Bosch arrived in Curaçao . After a tour of the other islands he came in April 1828 in Suriname . In August 1828 he sailed back to the Netherlands . In
those eight months he took a number ( proved ineffective ) initiatives
on trade and banking , aimed at increasing economic activity and scope
of the colonies . Were
most important to intervene in the run administrative and social
relations in Suriname , where the issue of slavery played a major role .
, Attempts Van
den Bosch had in 1818 in his Dutch possessions argued that the ban on
slave trade would have on the lives of slaves , because they would be ,
would treat them less cruel and less heavily burdening . More careful
with them a beneficial effect He also saw an economic benefit. To
put things in order Van den Bosch introduced in July 1828 in Suriname a
137 articles suggesting Rules on the policy of the government of the
Dutch West Indian possessions ( dated July 21, 1828 ) . The
rules linked the administration of the colony explicitly to the Dutch
constitution stipulated equal civil rights for all sex , irrespective of
religion or color (Article 116 ) and suggested that the current in the
Netherlands regulations on the poor creature , education and religious
affairs in the West had to get Indian possessions form ( Article 111 ) . Regarding
the system of slavery as such , Van den Bosch a moderate position ,
though he grabbed the regulations to improve . The position of the slave
Thus , Article 117 that slaves would no longer be regarded as business ' in law ' but as people. As
human slaves verhielden themselves to their owners as a voiceless a
trustee / guardian, who was authorized to exercise. Fatherly discipline The
government was considered abuse and mistreatment of slaves to fight and
the owners had to improve ( Articles 115 and 118 ) . Duty their food,
clothing and spells They could not prevent recalcitrant planters Article 117 abolished again in 1832 . Van
den Bosch ' regulations were formulated at a time , especially in
England where slavery under increasing public criticism came to be . It criticized J. G. Stedman and later C.E. Lefroy also the behavior of the slave-holding and administrative elite in Suriname . Van
den Bosch accepted the patronage of a Surinamese Benevolent Society ,
an initiative from the ranks of the middle class , people of color and
Jews , who had no access to that elite . The
main result that Van den Bosch in Suriname managed to achieve was the
creation , during his presence in Paramaribo in 1828 , a Society for the
Promotion of Religious Education among the Slavs and Coloureds in
Colonie Suriname . In
practice this meant initiative an effective strategy to bring an appeal
to Christianity as a condition for emancipation . Weak voices in the
Netherlands before the abolition of slavery to silence The
political climate in the Netherlands caused the slaves of Suriname and
the Netherlands Antilles a status quo in which emancipation was pushed
to a distant future . The
Society for the Promotion of Religious Education in 1829 had a
counterpart in the Netherlands ( in the walk called the Hague Society ) ,
which in terms of organizational structure strongly resembled the
Benevolent Society . In
many cities raised money among regular donors ( often the same people )
, who could also subscribe to messages from the Gentile world .
Just back in the Netherlands , the king appointed Van den Bosch in 1828 even as Governor General of the Dutch East Indies . Since founded in 1830 , Van den Bosch from its policy for the third time in his career on agricultural production . The
paternalistic coercion that lay behind the relocated application of
poor and beggars from the cities to the agricultural colonies in Drenthe
, wrong on Java in a system of pure exploitation , motivated by an
abstract state interest and possibly also by his personal experiences as
a landowner in Java. After
his powers in 1833 by his appointment as Commissioner General were
extensive , he succeeded in a short time introduced to ensure that the
introduction of the so-called culture system . Colonial budget This
forced the Javanese farmers to cultivate with export crops such as
coffee, sugar and indigo . A fifth of their agricultural land Initially,
Van den Bosch presented this as beneficial to both the Netherlands and
the farmers concerned , because in exchange for the supply ground rent
would be abolished. In
practice, the latter does not and was monitoring the mandatory supplies
organized so that farmers under increasing production coercion came to
be happened. Van
den Bosch combined the introduction of the culture system with targeted
policies to promote the production of cotton factory in the eastern
Netherlands , which had helped to create conditions for the growing
underclass in the cities . New employment objective Back
in the Netherlands , where he was Colonial Secretary in 1834 , he put
increasing demands on the financial results of the Dutch East Indies . The
policy of Van den Bosch in the Netherlands , Suriname and the
Netherlands Indies had repeatedly directly affect the living conditions
of the most vulnerable groups of the population of paupers in Dutch
cities , Surinamese slaves on plantations and farmers in Javanese desas .
It
was him, not so much individual betterment , but he related the
interests of this nameless masses still at the private economic
initiative and the national interest . At the height of his career was that last for him outweigh the interests of the laborers and slaves . In
1839 the Chamber no longer accepted the opacity in the lending policies
between the government and the Dutch Trading Company , where millions
of colonial profits and were pushed back again. Van den Bosch accepted responsibility and resigned as minister . In
his last speech as Minister he said : "Does the sources of the colonial
bloom opdroogen , and prosperity of our motherland scorched our
shipping, our now thriving trade sink in not return, and many important
branches of our national existence are extinguished ' . He
was then already far removed from its original commitment to improving
agriculture as double-edged sword that both retrained pauper as the
nation benefited . In 1842 he returned as a member of the House of Representatives on behalf of South Holland . After a short illness he died in January 1844 . The
memory of Johannes van den Bosch is kept alive in today's visitor
center in Frederiksoord , where computers provide access to a database
that many settlers of the Benevolent Society by name is traceable in
archives . As founder of the Benevolent Society This
archive is a legacy feature of the major projects of Van den Bosch in
the Netherlands , in the East ( the accounts of the culture system ) and
the West ( slave registers ) .
Eduard Douwes Dekker , who was then known by the name Multatuli , was born on March 2, 1820 in Amsterdam , Netherlands . He comes from a humble family . His father was a captain named Engel Douweszoon Dekker while his mother was Sytske Eeltje Klein . He was the fourth child .
At age 18 he went to the East Indies for the venture . In 1839 he became a civil servant in the Dutch East Indies . In 1842 he moved to West Sumatra and became controller at Christmas . But then moved into the field because they can not cash in his hand mempertanggungawabkan content . Since then he was familiar with poverty .
At Semtember 1845 he served successively in Karawang , Bagelen , and Manado . He met with Tine , his future wife in Parakan Salak . Once engaged on August 18, 1845 , they married on 10 April 1846 .
Eduard diangkan became Commissioner in office Purworedjo resident in a month after getting married . In October 1848 he became secretary in Manado . Later he became an assistant resident diangkan in Ambon in 1851 . Because he was too tired and then fell sakit.maka in 1852 he was vacationing with his wife to the Netherlands .
In 1855 he returned to Batavia after his own life in the Netherlands destroyed because of his sloppy that makes its debt pile . He lived with his family in Bogor and receive money waiting . He
could finally relate to Duymaer van Twist , who appointed him governor
general resident assistant in the Valley and is based in Rangkasbitung .
On February 24, 1856 he sent a report to the Resident Brest in Serang . He accused the district of Lebak suspected of abusing his power and extortion . Two days after receiving the report Resident Brest van Kempen rushed to the Valley to discuss the issue .
Douwes Dekker Kempen asked to submit records and evidence of him . But Dekker refused , he wanted to assume all responsibility jawbnya own . Finally kempen reporting directly to the governor -general Twist and ask Dekker fired for disobeying . The Governor-General was not fired , just move it to Ngawi . Douwes Dekker refuse removal and he quit . On 20 April 1856 the date he left the valley and back to the Netherlands , while his wife and children left behind in Batavia .
In January 1858 he arrived in Brussels , Belgium . In -room inn Belge au Prince , for one month in the fall of 1859 he wrote the book Max Havelaar . It
turns out the book was not pleasing to the Dutch authorities as it
contains criticism of the mistreatment of the colonists against the
indigenous people in the Dutch East Indies , and Dekker persuaded not to
publish the manuscript . Dekker was willing as long as he was named a prefect in Pasuruan . In addition, he asked for a large advance to pay off his debts , and finally he asked the Netherlands Lion Knight Star . After bargaining , he also wanted to be appointed to the Board of the Dutch East Indies .
The request was denied , the Max Havelaar terbitah books using the pen name Multatuli which means I'm Suffering . It turns out Max Havelaar -selling . But Dekker himself still living in poverty and poor health . Previous Dekker wrote many other books , but Max Havelaar who made his name famous.
On February 19 , 1887, two weeks before his birthday he died on the banks of the Rhine , Germany .
- Conrad Theodore van Deventer
Conrad Theodore van Deventer (1857-1915) is known as a Dutch jurist and also figure the Ethical Policy.
He's at a young age went to the Dutch East Indies. In ten years, Deventer has become rich, because private plantation estates and airline emerging BPM oil then many require the services of legal counsel.
On a letter dated 30 April 1886 addressed to his parents, Deventer suggests the need for a more humane act out of concern for the natives to Spain experienced bankruptcy due to mismanagement of the colony.
Then in 1899 Deventer wrote in the magazine De Gids (Guide), entitled Een Eereschuld (debt of honor). Understanding the substasial Eereschuld is "honor debts to be paid, even if not in demand upfront judge". It consists of concrete figures on the Dutch public that explains how they became prosperous and safe country (the railways, dams, etc.) is the result of colonization which comes from the Dutch colonies in the East Indies ("Indonesia"), while the Indian Netherlands when it was poor and backward. So it is appropriate if such property is returned.
As a member of the Dutch Parliament Deventer, he accepted the task of regional ministers jajahanIdenburg to prepare a report on the economic situation of indigenous people in Java and Madura. Within a year, successfully complete the task Deventer (1904). With open Deventer revealed a sad state, then the firm has blamed government policy. The article was very well known, and of course invite a lot of pros and cons reaction. A writing is not less famous is also published by De Gids (1908) is a description of the Day Home Insulinde, which lays out ethical principles for a regulation of the government colony.
Godert Alexander Gerard Philip, Baron van der Capellen (December 15, 1778 – April 10, 1848) was a Dutch statesman from Utrecht.
Van der Capellen was the son of a cavalry colonel. He was made Prefect of Friesland in 1808 and soon thereafter Minister of the Interior and a member of the Privy Council. At his advice, King Louis Napoleon abdicated the throne in 1810 in favor of his son, Louis II. Van der Capellen did not serve Napoleon I. Wilhelm I, King of the Netherlands, appointed him Colonial Minister and sent him as Secretary of United Kingdom of the Netherlands to Brussels. In 1815, van de Capellen was made the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies,
where he had to deal with both a native rebellion and a money shortage.
In fact, during his tenure in Java, his power was largely ceremonial as
his adjunct, Cornelis Theodorus Elout, had much of the actual power. He was ordered back in 1825 and named President of the Board of Trustees of the University of Utrecht in 1828. In 1838, he attended the coronation of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in London as the Dutch envoy. Van de Capellen then served as the Lord Chamberlain of King William II. He died in April 1848 in De Bilt.
Jan Willem Janssens (born in Nijmegen, October 12, 1762 - died at The Hague, May 23, 1838 at the age of 75 years) is the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies 37th. He replaces Herman Willem Daendels on February 20, 1811 and arrived at the Istana Bogor (Buitenzorg) on May 15, 1811.
He began his term in a precarious condition. Many soldiers Daendels remains incompetent to be a soldier, so he easily defeated British and forced to surrender on 18 September 1811 to Thomas Stamford Raffles in Tuntang capitulation.
Due to a very short reign, it can be said that he did not leave anything. Just as if he were assigned to keep the French flag fluttering in the Dutch East Indies for six months.
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Raffles'
principal assistant Abdullah, also his Malay tutor,
was engaged in packing all the stuffed skins and
skeletons which numbered some one-thousand
specimens. Earlier, throughout his time in Java and
Sumatra, Raffles had sent home many consignments of
creatures preserved in spirit. Lady Raffles recalls
that Raffles' interest in biology was great as
evidenced by references to plants and animals in
most of his letters. He had compiled a long list of
animals of which, he believed nothing is yet known
beyond the name and native descriptions.
